{"id":400,"date":"2018-07-18T11:26:01","date_gmt":"2018-07-18T11:26:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/?p=400"},"modified":"2018-07-18T11:26:01","modified_gmt":"2018-07-18T11:26:01","slug":"linguistic-problem-call-in-a-violin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/2018\/07\/18\/linguistic-problem-call-in-a-violin\/","title":{"rendered":"Linguistic problem? Call in a violin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Like brain surgeons, breakfast cooks and other professionals, linguists fall into two groups: believers and sceptics. Take the fact that wheat <\/em>is singular in English and oats <\/em>is plural. Believers are confident that there is a thoroughly good reason for differences like this, based on meaning. Sceptics aren\u2019t easily convinced, and they talk shiftily about rules that once obtained but are since lost, partial regularities, conflicting motivations and simple exceptions. And things can get surprisingly heated, as in the linguistic skirmishes of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which centred on the discussion precisely of wheat <\/em>and oats. <\/em>(The feelings and the porridge have cooled sufficiently for it to be safe to mention these contentious nouns again.)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Many oats = much porridge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

We talk about one or more scalpels<\/em> or spatulas<\/em> (these are count nouns), but we don\u2019t usually count health<\/em>, wealth<\/em> or porridge<\/em> (these are mass nouns). Mass nouns in English are typically singular, as indeed wheat <\/em>is. So nouns like oats <\/em>are unusual in being plural, and having no contrasting singular. They are known in the trade as pluralia tantum <\/em>\u2018plural only\u2019. (In contrast, there are languages like Manam where all mass nouns are plural – they treat them all like oats.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

It\u2019s not just mass nouns. We also find that there are nouns which we would expect to be ordinary count nouns which are actually pluralia tantum nouns in English. Examples include scissors, binoculars, trousers, slacks \u2026 <\/em>The believers, who believe there must be a good reason for these nouns to behave in this way, argue as follows: It\u2019s as we\u2019d expect. These are all nouns whose referents have symmetrical parts (usually two, hence they are often called bipartites<\/em>). Case proven.<\/p>\n

But wait: bicycle <\/em>has two significant parts, emphasised by its form in bi- <\/em>(rather like binoculars<\/em>). Why isn\u2019t it subject to the generalization? Why isn\u2019t it like binoculars? And while we\u2019re on it, how about bigraph, shirt, duo <\/em>and Bactrian camel<\/em>? They all have two significant parts but are normal count nouns, just like letter, skirt, quartet <\/em>and elephant. <\/em><\/p>\n

Even so (say the believers) it\u2019s not just English. French has les ciseaux <\/em>(plural) \u2018the scissors\u2019, Russian has no\u017enicy <\/em>(plural) \u2018scissors\u2019. These are pluralia tantum nouns – that can\u2019t be coincidences. And yet, sceptically speaking, French has le pantalon <\/em>\u2018the trousers\u2019 and Russian has binokl <\/em>\u2018binoculars\u2019, and both are regular count nouns with singular and plural.<\/p>\n

There are indeed various \u201cusual suspects\u201d, which regularly show up as pluralia tantum nouns in different languages, with sufficient frequency to persuade the believers and yet with more than enough no-shows to leave the sceptics unconvinced.<\/p>\n

To resolve the issue once and for all (!), we need:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. A new item (not one from the \u201cusual suspects\u201d list)<\/li>\n
  2. which can have one significant part or more than one (so that we can evaluate the force of the semantic regularity)<\/li>\n
  3. with two different terms, one plurale tantum and one not<\/li>\n
  4. and comparable forms in different related languages<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    And then we shall have a clear prediction: more than one significant part >> plurale tantum noun, one significant part >> ordinary count noun. We could resolve the dispute. But where could we hope to find such a creature, outside the laboratory? Here a drum roll would be particular apposite, for it is time for the entry of the Slavonic violins.<\/p>\n

    In the Balkans, the Slavs have a traditional instrument called the gusle<\/a>, <\/em>pictured below. You can hear someone playing it here<\/a>. (This isn\u2019t to be confused with the East Slavonic gusli<\/em><\/a>, which is quite different, like a psaltery or small harp).<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a>
    Serbian Gusle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Now the key (sorry) thing for us, is that the gusle<\/em> in Serbia typically has one string (see the picture). Or rather have <\/em>one string, since it\u2019s a plurale tantum noun. Got that – so far, gusle, <\/em>a plurale tantum noun, a traditional violin with one string. Similarly in Slovenian. But a normal singular in Macedonian and Bulgarian. There are different forms in dialects, but the message so far is one string, may be a plurale tantum noun or not.<\/p>\n

    But then of course there are all those romantic Slavonic symphonies. With classic violins, with four strings. What do they call those? Well, Slovenian, Macedonian and Serbo-Croat all have violina<\/em>, and it\u2019s a regular noun with singular and plural. Not looking too good for the believers here.<\/p>\n

    At this point, to be sure we\u2019re conducting the research properly, it would be good to be certain that we\u2019re talking about a classic violin, and just one (not a whole bank of them in a symphony orchestra). Well here a Nobel prize-winner comes to our aid. Ivo Andri\u0107 won the literature prize in 1961. He is famous for The Bridge on the Drina. <\/em>But for us, we need the scene in the book in which two people are practising a Schubert sonatina. That\u2019s one (classical) violin and one piano. Given the popularity of the novel, it\u2019s been translated into most of the Slavonic languages, sometimes more than once. Moreover, to help thing along here, there\u2019s a handy resource, the Parasol site, which allows us to search the parallel translations (that\u2019s v<\/em>on Waldenfels, Ruprecht and Meyer, Roland (2006-): ParaSol, a Corpus of Slavic and Other Languages. Available at parasol.unibe.ch. Bern, Regensburg<\/em>). <\/em>As expected we find violina <\/em>in Slovenian, Serbo-Croat and in Macedonian. Bulgarian is unique in having cigulka,<\/em> but again it\u2019s a regular noun with singular and plural. In the East Slavonic languages (Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian) it is skripka <\/em>(skrypka <\/em>in Belarusian). A regular noun with singular and plural. But now in Polish we find the same root, skrzypce<\/em>, but this is a plurale tantum noun. And yes, they all have four strings.<\/p>\n

    What about the keen concert-goers who speak Czech and Slovak? Well, they use housle <\/em>and husle<\/em> respectively. You can see, I think, where those terms come from, now applied to the classic violin, and yes, they are both pluralia tantum.<\/p>\n

    Didn\u2019t Andri\u0107 mention gusle<\/em> too? He did indeed, and gave it an important part (sorry) in his story. For the languages into which it is translated as an outside rather than local instrument it stays as a plurale tantum noun.<\/p>\n

    It gets better. The West Slavonic languages Upper and Lower Sorbian aren\u2019t yet in the ParaSol corpus for this text, so we need to refer to dictionary sources. Stone (2002) gives three terms for \u2018violin\u2019 in Upper Sorbian: wiolina<\/em> (a regular noun) and two pluralia tantum nouns husle<\/em> and fidle<\/em>. And it gets even better – the traditional Sorbian violin has three strings (see it here<\/a>).<\/p>\n

    In a word, then, there are terms based on different roots, and they can be used of different instruments. But an instrument with four symmetrical parts is likely to be designated by a normal count noun, and one with a single string is likely to be designated by a plurale tantum noun. This is hardly in harmony with the world-view of the believers. But data are no bar to belief.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Like brain surgeons, breakfast cooks and other professionals, linguists fall into two groups: believers and sceptics. Take the fact that wheat is singular in English and oats is plural. Believers are confident that there is a thoroughly good reason for differences like this, based on meaning. Sceptics aren\u2019t easily convinced, and they talk shiftily about rules that once obtained but are since lost, partial regularities, conflicting motivations and simple exceptions. And things can get surprisingly heated, as in the linguistic…<\/p>\n

    Read More Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[51],"class_list":["post-400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=400"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":405,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400\/revisions\/405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=400"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=400"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=400"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/morph.surrey.ac.uk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=400"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}